Felâtun Bey and Râkim Efendi Read online

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  Copyright © 2016 by Melih Levi and Monica M. Ringer

  Syracuse University Press

  Syracuse, New York 13244-5290

  All Rights Reserved

  First Edition 2016

  161718192021654321

  Originally published in Ottoman as Felâtun Bey ile Râkım Efendi

  (Istanbul: Kirk Anbar Press, 1875).

  This is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places, dialogues, and incidents either are the product of the author’s imagination or are used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual persons living or dead, business establishments, events, or locales is entirely coincidental.

  ∞ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.

  For a listing of books published and distributed by Syracuse University Press, visit www.SyracuseUniversityPress.syr.edu.

  ISBN: 978-0-8156-1064-9 (paperback) 978-0-8156-5363-9 (e-book)

  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

  Names: Ahmet Mithat, 1844–1912, author. | Levi, Melih, translator. | Ringer, Monica M., 1965– translator.

  Title: Felâtun Bey and Râkım Efendi : an Ottoman novel / Ahmet Midhat Efendi ; translated from the Turkish by Melih Levi and Monica M. Ringer ; with an afterword by A. Holly Shissler.

  Other titles: Felâtun Bey ile Râkım Efendi. English

  Description: Syracuse : Syracuse University Press, 2016. | Series: Middle East literature in translation

  Identifiers: LCCN 2015045852| ISBN 9780815610649 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780815653639 (e-book)

  Classification: LCC PL248.A3173 F413 2016 | DDC 891/.5532—dc23

  LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015045852

  Manufactured in the United States of America

  for Roza and Estella

  If we try to Europeanize only for the sake of becoming European, we shall lose our own character. If we, on the other hand, add the European civilization to our own character, we shall not only preserve, perpetuate, and maintain our character but also fortify and refine it.

  —Ahmet Midhat Efendi, Tarik (1898)

  Contents

  List of Illustrations

  Note on Translation

  Acknowledgments

  Chronology of Ahmet Midhat Efendi in the Context of Ottoman Reform

  Felâtun Bey and Râkım Efendi AN OTTOMAN NOVEL

  Afterword A. HOLLY SHISSLER

  Index

  Illustrations

  1. A Reader’s Map of Istanbul

  2. A Reader’s Map of Beyoğlu

  3. Front page of the 1875 Ottoman publication

  4. Pages 38 and 39 of the 1875 Ottoman publication

  5. Page 73 of the 1875 Ottoman publication

  Note on Translation

  AHMET MIDHAT’S writing style in Felâtun Bey and Râkım Efendi is both charming and complex. As one of the earliest consciously modern experimental Turkish writers, Ahmet Midhat moved rapidly between Ottoman conventions and newer forms of language, syntax, and narration influenced by contemporary French and British novels. Ahmet Midhat was one of the first Turkish authors to punctuate the narrative with his authorial voice, inviting the readers to pause, to put down the text, and to pass judgments on the characters alongside him. At times the tone is playful and informal, even theatrical. At other times the tone is didactic and more complex with sentences that can run for half a page and clearly belong to an older elaborate courtly style influenced by Ottoman’s intimate relationships with Turkish, Arabic, and Persian.

  As translators, we juggled two objectives: to accurately convey the multiplicity of the text’s styles, tones, and languages, and to render it readable by a contemporary audience. We strove to preserve even the deliberate repetition and occasional awkwardness of the syntax. Ahmet Midhat’s fondness for idiomatic and metaphorical constructions necessitated an extensive search for comparable idioms in English that would have been in use during the nineteenth century.

  Accurately translating times of day was problematic. In Ahmet Midhat’s Ottoman Empire, people calculated time in relationship to the call to prayer, which is pegged on the position of the sun. Since sunrise, midday, and sunset in turn depend on the number of hours of daylight in any given day, it was very difficult to convey the equivalent of “two hours before evening prayer” with any chronometric specificity. Ultimately, there is no way to translate traditional times of day into a contemporary time frame.

  We based this translation primarily on the original Ottoman text in its variant of Arabic script. The Ottoman text provided insights into the original structure and punctuation as well as Ahmet Midhat’s usage of the Arabic and Latin alphabets. We retained the Arabic letters in one instance when they are being taught in the novel so that our readers would understand “the lesson.” Similarly, we opted not to translate Bey and Efendi, two terms akin to “sir” and “mister,” but with specifically Ottoman nuances suggesting the level and sort of education possessed by the bearer. Likewise, we retained the names of the Ottoman monetary units as lira and kuruş (1/100 of a lira).

  The Persian poetry—both in the transliterated Ottoman spelling, and in Ahmet Midhat’s “translation” of it by way of the principle character, Râkım—posed certain difficulties. First, the Ottoman spelling is not equivalent to the Persian. Second, while the poetry all purports to be by the Persian poet Hafez, several of the poems were misattributed to him—a not uncommon nineteenth-century error—and a misattribution that Ahmet Midhat himself was likely unaware of. Lastly, the main character Râkım loosely (mis)translates this poetry for his English pupils, making it all the more difficult to recover the original Persian. We are deeply grateful to Professor Franklin Lewis, who was able to translate the Persian poetry based on its misspelled and deliberately mistranslated version. Without his particular expertise, this would have been an insurmountable task.

  Ahmet Midhat uses French words liberally and most often transliterates them into Ottoman script. However, when the two principal French characters (Pauline and Josephine) speak in French, he renders their words into the Latin alphabet and provides his translation in parenthesis for his readers. We retained all of his parenthetical translations from the French. The inclusion of French written in Roman letters was clearly a challenge for the typesetters of the Ottoman text, and there is one instance when the word “blonde” is mistyped variously as “dlonde,” “blonde,” and “londeb.”

  In keeping with his translation and synthesis of Ottoman and French language, culture, and literary styles, Ahmet Midhat frequently employs two hybrid words that are integral to the vocabul
ary of nineteenth-century Tanzimat reform: alafranga and alaturka. The term alafranga is a French-Ottoman composite of the French “à la” and “franga,” meaning “Frank” or “European” more generally. Alafranga thus means “in a European mode.” The term alaturka follows the same French-Ottoman composite pattern and conversely means “in a Turkish or Ottoman mode.”

  The aforementioned challenges of translating this work are symptomatic of an era that was itself undergoing a process of translation. As a result, the very question of translatability becomes a statement with concrete political implications. We hope that our translation preserves the immediacy of Ahmet Midhat’s own position and brings to life the larger relevance of the cultural and literary debates of his time.

  Acknowledgments

  ANY STORY OF BEGINNINGS is inherently recreated—a reconstructed memory with the benefit of hindsight and therefore a distortion of the wealth of possible alternatives and dead ends. Certainly this translation is more the product of gradual evolution than of determined intent. We began reading nineteenth-century Ottoman literature as a way of investigating the literary manifestations of this quintessentially Ottoman exploration of “the modern.” The cultural, political, and literary wealth of this literature compelled us to undertake a project that took shape first as a very rough translation simply to provide Amherst College students in Professor Ringer’s history courses a window through which they could look onto this period. Their enthusiasm, and ours, propelled this project to take on the more serious enterprise of translating this translation—of not simply reproducing it, but translating it for a contemporary general audience. We like to think of this final version of Felâtun Bey and Râkım Efendi as a memento of our four years of conversations about nineteenth-century translation in all its various forms.

  We are very grateful to Axel Schupf for his generosity. Without the intellectual and financial support of his invaluable fund at Amherst College, this project would have been inconceivable. Dean Ben Lieber’s office also provided initial summer funding, which launched this project. Over the years, we have received substantial financial support from Amherst College’s Deans of Faculty, Greg Call and Catherine Epstein. Rhea Cabin in the History Department never hesitated to offer a hand.

  This book has been published with the support of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey in the framework of TEDA Program.

  We were fortunate to have had the opportunity to work with Michael Beard, series editor at Syracuse University Press, and are especially grateful for his thoughtful and meticulous recommendations, and most importantly, the enjoyment he took in this work. Anonymous outside readers provided painstaking recommendations for improvement. We, and our readers, have them to thank for this. Appreciation is also due to Suzanne Guiod, editor-in-chief of Syracuse University Press, for shepherding this translation to completion. The Atatürk Kitaplığı in Istanbul kindly provided us with the Ottoman publication of the novel from 1875.

  Over the years, several conversations with scholars of Ottoman history and literature stand out as transformative. We are grateful to Nüket Esen, the leading scholar on Ahmet Midhat, for her insights. This project allowed us the privilege of having an unforgettable conversation on translation and Turkish literature with one of the most important scholars and translators of Turkish literature, Talat Sait Halman, whose encouragement was one of the most important sources of motivation. We were honored to have the chance to speak with Ahmet Midhat Efendi’s grand-granddaughter Mutlu Tanberk, who didn’t hesitate to share documents related to Ahmet Midhat, and allowed us the experience of getting to know him on a different level. At the very outset of this project we enjoyed a conversation with Professor A. Holly Shissler in the Ara Café in Istanbul, which was a memorable turning point in the development of this enterprise. Professor Franklin Lewis graciously undertook the translations of the Persian poetry. Rana Irmak Aksoy transformed the novel visually with her lovely maps. Heartfelt thanks to all.

  Melih: I would like to acknowledge all of my professors at Amherst College for their invaluable friendship and insights. In particular, I owe special debt to Professor Judith Frank, who made the novel come alive for me, and to Ayşe Hillhouse of Üsküdar American Academy for igniting my passion for Ottoman literature. It goes without saying that had my family not encouraged me to pursue English literature at Amherst College, none of this would have been possible. And as for my parents, I couldn’t have been luckier.

  Monica: A special thank you to Ayşe Polat of the University of Chicago for all the hours she graciously spent teaching me to read Ottoman. And to Soraya, who always shares my endeavors.

  Chronology of Ahmet Midhat Efendi in the Context of Ottoman Reform

  1839

  Sultan Abdülmecid I (r. 1839–1861) accedes to the throne, continuing the goals of his reform-minded father, Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839).

  1839–71

  Tanzimat reforms are inaugurated by the Imperial Edict of Gülhane (1939), which begin to break down legal distinctions based on religion according to Islamic law, seeking to make all Ottoman subjects equal under the law. The reforms continue as articulated by prime ministers Mehmet Emin Ali Pasha (1815–1871), Fuat Pasha (1815–1869), and later Midhat Pasha (1822–1883) as a means of strengthening the empire and protecting it from European imperial aggression. These efforts include measures to “modernize,” centralize, and reform the government administration.

  1844

  Ahmet Midhat is born into a lower-middle-class family of artisans in the Tophane neighborhood of Istanbul.

  1846

  The Darülfünun, the first European-inspired modern secondary school, which later became Istanbul University, is established in Istanbul.

  1847

  The banning of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf by the Ottoman Empire marks the beginning of the movement for the suppression of the slave trade in the Ottoman Empire.

  1853–56

  The Crimean War.

  1856

  The Ottoman Reform Edict (Hatt-ı Hümâyûn) drafted by Ali Pasha is issued, renewing calls for legal equality amongst all Ottoman subjects, regardless of religion.

  1857

  Ahmet Midhat works as an apprentice in Istanbul’s Egyptian Bazaar to support his family. In his free time, he learns to read and write from a shopkeeper in the bazaar.

  1861

  Sultan Abdülaziz I accedes the throne.

  1861

  Ahmet Midhat moves to Niš in Ottoman Serbia where he comes to the attention of Midhat Pasha, the leading architect of the Tanzimat reforms, who becomes his political mentor and gives Ahmet his own name, “Midhat,” in 1865.

  1863

  The Ottoman Central Bank is established.

  1864

  Ahmet Midhat moves with Midhat Pasha to Ottoman Bulgaria to work as a government clerk. He becomes fluent in French and acquires his renowned familiarity with European literature. He also receives traditional training in Arabic and Persian languages and literary traditions.

  1866

  Ahmet Midhat marries Servet Hanım in Sophia, Ottoman Bulgaria.

  1867

  Namık Kemal (1840–1888), a Young Ottoman reformist and literati, is exiled to Paris.

  1868

  Namık Kemal begins publishing the journal Hürriyet (Liberty).

  1868

  Ahmet Midhat begins publishing articles in the officially sponsored newspaper of the Danubian province.

  1869

  Ahmet Midhat moves to Baghdad in the service of his mentor Midhat Pasha, who had taken up the position as governor. While in Baghdad, Ahmet Midhat edits and manages the official provincial newspaper there. He also meets Osman Hamdi Bey (1842–1910), the famous intellectual, statesman and Paris-trained painter.

  1870

  Ahmet Midhat publishes Felsefe-i Zenan (The Philosophy of Women).

  1871

  Ahmet Midhat returns to Istanbul where he writes for numerous newspapers, establishes his own printing
press, and begins printing books at home in order to support his family. He soon makes the acquaintance of members of the Young Ottomans, a political group that criticizes Tanzimat reforms for their conservatism and advocates more rapid and far-reaching reforms.

  1872

  Ahmet Midhat moves to the Beyoğlu neighborhood of Istanbul.

  1873

  Ahmet Midhat is exiled to Rhodes along with members of the Young Ottomans, including Namık Kemal, as a result of Sultan Abdülaziz’s displeasure with the political content in his newspapers.

  1875

  Ahmet Midhat publishes Felâtun Bey and Râkım Efendi.

  1876

  Sultan Abdülhamid II accedes the throne replacing Abdülaziz. The new sultan agrees to the promulgation of the first Ottoman Constitution; he also proclaims a political amnesty and Ahmet Midhat returns to Istanbul.

  1876

  Ahmet Midhat publishes Paris’te Bir Türk (A Turk in Paris).

  1877–78

  At the request of Sultan Abdülhamid II, Ahmet Midhat writes a book on necessary political, social, and economic reforms entitled Üss-i İnkilap (Basis of Reform).

  1878

  Ahmet Midhat becomes the head of the first official newspaper of the Ottoman Empire, Takvim-i Vekayi (The Calendar of Events). With the confidence of the sultan, Ahmet Midhat establishes and edits the most influential and longest running Ottoman newspaper of the era, Tercüman-i Hakikat (Translation of Truth) (1878–1922), which serves as a training ground for a new generation of journalists and writers.

  1881

  Ahmet Midhat publishes Henüz On Yedi Yaşında (Only Seventeen).